Early Antarctica History - A Timeline Posted on Jul 12, 2017 @ 04:48 PM 4th Century B.C. The New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust is formed to care for historic sites located in the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica. Since then the extent of the ozone hole has been monitored continuously using both ground-based and satellite-based techniques. Exploration and expeditions. The Weddell seal got its name during these expeditions. Photo credit: Shutterstock. After the end of the war in 1945, Tabarin’s three bases and its scientific work were transferred to a new organisation - The Falklands Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS). Captain Robert Falcon Scott led the National Antarctic Expedition which was partly funded by the Royal Geographic Society under its President Sir Clement Markham. HISTORIA DE LA PSICOLOGIA. This 'great southern continent' is believed to exist east of Australia and west of Cape Horn. During the same expedition, Douglas Mawson reaches the South Magnetic Pole and is in the first party to climb Mt Erebus. UK Discovery Investigations of the Southern Ocean begin. Scott’s polar party arrives several weeks later to find they have been beaten, and tragically perish on the return trip. The start of ongoing British study of the Southern Ocean through marine cruises by the Offshore Biological Programme, which later became the Pelagic Ecosystem Studies. However the expedition did discover Luitpold Land and the Filchner Glacier. Douglas Mawson led the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, or BANZARE for short, on board the Discovery. Antarctica Timeline: Mid 1900s. On pre-1820 maps, when cartographers could only speculate about Antarctica's existence, the hypothetical landmass was termed "Terra Incognita" ("Unknown Land") or "Terra Australis" ("Southern Land"). 1773 – James Cook becomes the first person to navigate across the Antarctic Circle and proceed to circumnavigate the continent of Antarctica. Against all odds Mawson survives. Timeline of the History of Antarctica 1911 Roald Amundsen led his first five man expedition to the South Pole. The vast, icy expanse to the south attracted sealers, whalers, explorers and scientist. First man to land on Antarctica the first man to land on Antarctica was John Davis Jan 1, 1823. They were names after R.S.S. A party of eight men were left at Shackleton base to over-winter and set up the base, but valuable stores were left on the ice during a blizzard and were lost when the ice shelf broke up. Antarctica Timeline of Exploration: Lesson for Kids 3:44 Next Lesson. Hillary continued overland to the South Pole becoming only the third party to reach the Pole overland and the first to do so in vehicles. A small party led by Shackleton sets out in a small boat for South Georgia. In Uncategorized. 1st known landing on continental Antarctica by American sealer Captain John Davis, though this is not acknowledged by all historians. Discovered Alexander I Land, Peter I Island, Annenkov Island, & Traversey Island. 1935 – Caroline Mikkelsen, Norway, is the first woman to set foot, albeit briefly, on Antarctica when she accompanies her husband, Klarius Mikkelsen, a whaling captain. 1901-1904 – Captain Robert Falcon Scott, UK, leads his first Antarctic expedition to try to reach the South Pole, with Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson. It wasn’t until the late 1800s that the existence of this mythic land was finally confirmed.1773Captain James Cook crosses the Antarctic Circle and circumnavigates Antarctica, though he never actually sights land. Central America, Who is Chimu? 1820: In November, American Nathaniel Palmer, on the HERO, claims to see the Antarctic Peninsula. 1819-21 –  Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy) cast his eyes on the Antarctic continent on 27 January 1820, three days before Edward Bransfield (a captain in the British Royal Navy) sighted land, and ten months before Nathaniel Palmer did in November James cook passes the Antarctic circle James Cook passes the antarctic circle Feb 7, 1821. Contact Us, 7 Best Chimu Adventures for Retirement Bucket-list Journeys, https://www.chimuadventures.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Image-1-600x746.jpg, 14 Amazing Antarctica Facts That’ll Blow Your Mind, https://www.chimuadventures.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/antarctica8-600x657.jpg, Antarctica from Australia and New Zealand, Australasian Scientific Antarctic Expedition. Antarctica Timeline: 2007-2008 Early 1900s: During this period, many countries sent exploring expeditions to the Antarctic. There was also an extensive programme of scientific experiments and explorations. Read more about the Transglobe Expedition. Prehistory to the present. Feb 1, … 1957-1958 – During the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58, 12 nations establish 50 stations in Antarctica, the beginning of formal, international cooperation. 1911 On December 14th – Norwegian Roald Amundsen leads a five-man expedition that reaches the geographic South Pole for the first time. Wilhelm Filchner led an expedition on board the Deutschland to determine if Antarctica was a continent. Ships, aircraft, dogs and mechanised vehicles have supported Australia's activities in Antarctica. Ernest Shackleton led the British Antarctic Expedition on the Nimrod to try to reach the South Pole, this time accompanied by Frank Wild, Eric Marshall and Jameson Adams. Using photogrammetry to measure the velocity of glaciers. January 1773: Captain James Cook becomes the first recorded navigator to cross the Antarctic Circle. Antarctica. Transportation. Bases were established on Antarctica for the first time and other bases were rapidly built. An ambitious expedition was planned to circumnavigate Antarctica and undertake the first flight over the South Pole. Overwintering in Hope Bay and on Paulet. In the winter of 1821, for the first time ever a party of men spent a winter in Antarctica. 1959 - The Antarctic Treaty was created to protect the continent. Under the terms of the Antarctic Treaty’s Environmental Protocol all non-indigenous species had to be removed from Antarctica because of the potential threat to indigenous species, for example through the transmission of disease and killing animals for food for the dogs. Shipwreck on Antarctica. The aims of the expedition were undertaking scientific research, assessing the economic potential of the area and reasserting British sovereignty in the Antarctic Peninsula. Map image and overview of the southern continent. Antarctic timeline. The boat was not sea worthy enough to sail to the whaling station in the north of the island, so Shackleton, Worsley and Crean set off to cross the island on foot over mountains and glaciers for 36 hours to the whaling station from which a rescue could be mounted. Antarctica timeline | Discovering Antarctica. Arctic Bad weather made the return from the Pole increasingly difficult and Scott and his party died only 18 kilometres from a supply camp which might have saved them. Related links. Read below the major events that happened in Antarctica’s history in a comprehensive Antarctic Timeline: Spectacular ice formations in Antarctica. Communications. Though the ancient Greeks first hypothesized the existence of a southern landmass, Antarctica remained undiscovered throughout most of human history. Fuchs’ team reached the Pole from the opposite direction on 19 January 1958. Part of a commercial site. The men were marooned until the ice broke up enough for them to get to Elephant Island, where Shackleton, along with Worsley, Crean, McNeish, McCarthy and Vincent set sail in the James Caird, one of the lifeboats from the Endurance, to seek the rescue of all the men. Fuchs’ job was to set up depots on the Polar Plateau using air reconnaissance and tractors. The first ever sighting of Antarctica, by Fabian Bellinghausen (Russian). From Terra Australis to Antarctica. Captain James Clark Ross discovered the coast of Victoria Land, sighted Mount Erebus (which is an active volcano) and found the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf. Antarctic History Jan 17, 1773. 1773 – James Cook becomes the first person to navigate across the Antarctic Circle and proceed to circumnavigate the continent of Antarctica. A Brief Biography of Ernest Shackleton. Public timelines ; Search; Sign in; Sign up; Antarctic History Timeline created by ryonag. Antarctica's rich and colourful human history is recorded in cultural heritage places and artefacts. Page 4 – Sites of significance. 16-06-2016 - Antarctica is known to be one of the most awe-inspiring destinations of the world. 1911 to 1914-Douglas Mawson. A timeline created with Timetoast's interactive timeline maker. 1772 to 1775-James Cook. Music: Industrial Revolution by Kevin MacLeod. He planned to cross Antarctica but failed. These included research in Antarctica where 12 countries were engaged in research at 52 stations. It was the last major landmass to be discovered by humans, and was first inhabited around 10,000 BCE, by Fuegian and Tehuelche peoples who arrived via South America. Long before human eyes ever beheld Antarctica, the ancients were convinced it existed – or at least something like it. Norwegian Roald Amundsen and four other men were the first to reach the South Pole on 12 December 2011 thanks to a new route that only took them 57 days. Read all about Antarctica's history in this Antarctic Timeline. Ross Sea Party led by Aeneas Mackintosh on board the Aurora. by Oceanwide Expeditions Blog Regions: Antarctica. Home of the Blizzard. Page 5 – Timeline. Paul Ward. Find out more about the expedition at the Scott Polar Research Institute. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. They are forced to turn back two months later having reached 82 degrees south, suffering from snow blindness and scurvy. 1820 to 1821-Bellingshausen, USSR, Bransfield, UK, PAlamer abd USA. Photo credit: Shutterstock. Unfortunately, their ship Antarctic was crushed in the ice pack after leaving the crew on the island thereby creating two separate groups of explorers. : Aristotle theorizes that there must be a landmass in the south similar to that of the northern hemisphere. The primary objective of the expedition was to do extensive hydrographic work in the Weddell Sea during the summer of 1903 and 1904 and to survey the South Orkney Islands and study their wildlife. The boat sailed through mountainous seas in gale force winds and eventually reached South Georgia. Captain James Cook crosses the Antarctic Circle and circumnavigates Antarctica, though he never actually sights land. Read all about Antarctica's history in this Antarctic Timeline. On 23 February 1951 the expedition was hit by tragedy when three of the expedition died. 1982 – Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) established. Die Wilkins Runway (deutsch: Wilkins-Landebahn), auch Wilkins Ice Runway und Wilkins Aerodrome genannt, ist eine Start- und Landebahn auf dem unteren Peterson-Gletscher, die von der Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) betrieben wird. The treaty comes into effect in 1961 and the first meeting is held in Canberra in recognition of Australia’s effort in negotiations. They undertook meteorological and zoological observations and collected data for a whole year for the first time. Circumnavigated Antarctica. It shows measurements of mean annual air temperature compared with the present from the Vostok ice core in East Antarctica. The term Antarctic, referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle, was coined by Marinus of Tyre in the 2nd century AD. Captain Carl Larsen landed near the Antarctic Peninsula on Seymour Island and discovered fossils that proved that there was once warm climate in Antarctica. Before the group were rescued by the refitted Aurora in a relief operation planned by the RGS, three of the party had died including Mackintosh. In 1914, Shackleton made his third trip to the Antarctic with the ship 'Endurance', planning to cross Antarctica via the South Pole. The idea of a large southern continent had been around for ages - in fact, the name "Antarctica" was coined far before anyone was even close to actually finding it. Jan 17, 1773. The expedition was supported and promoted by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and funded by the Coats brothers of Paisley textile firm. Although not part of the IGY, valuable scientific research was undertaken. History Around 200 million years ago, Antarctica was joined with Australia, Africa, South America, India and New Zealand in the supercontinent Gondwana. ... For some reason, it seems that commercial ventures do not find their way into the history books as easily as military or imperial expeditions. The collections went to the British Museum of Natural History; their statistical material to the Royal Society; and their journal ‘South Polar Times’, written by the men during the long winters, to the RGS. The overland party finally arrived at Scott Base on March 2, 1958, having completed the historic crossing of 3,473km (2,158 miles) of previously unexplored snow and ice in 99 days. Photo credit: Shutterstock. Ernest Shackleton led the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition aboard the Endurance. Fuchs then continued overland, following the route that Hillary had laid, while Hillary flew back to Scott Base. Dinosaurs … The investigations continued until 1951 and form the basis of an understanding of modern marine systems. The North Pole was called the "Arktos," the Gre… A timeline created with Timetoast's interactive timeline maker. ROMA. 1959 – The Antarctic Treaty is signed by 12 countries, including Australia. As well as maintaining a permanent presence on the continent, exploration, survey and research were carried out. These programmes and other international studies use modern methods to reveal the interactions between organisms in the Southern Ocean. After crossing the Antarctic Circle they continued to 71˚10’S. January 1773: Captain James Cook becomes the first recorded navigator to cross the Antarctic Circle. Shackleton provided an epitaph ‘Things done for gain are not, but good things done endure.’. 1992 One scientific journey in search of birds, to Cape Crozier, was undertaken during the Antarctic winter and is described in the book: ‘The Worst Journey in the World’ by Apsley Cherry-Garrard. That's why I've made a Antarctica Timeline! British Expedition to Graham Land led by John Cope. A timeline created with Timetoast's interactive timeline maker. Captain James Weddell sailed to 74˚15’S and found the Weddell Ice Sheet and Sea. In January 1913 Mawson begins his solo trek back to his base after his two companions die. Discovered Alexander I Land, Peter I Island, Annenkov Island, & Traversey Island. It seeks to conserve Antarctica and it is regularly revised. British Graham Land Expedition led by John Rymill aboard the Penola. Public timelines ; Search; Sign in; Sign up; Antarctic History Timeline created by asimkhada. 1914-1917 – Shackleton returns to Antarctica in an attempt to complete the first crossing of the continent. On 28 November 1979, 237 passengers and 20 crew were killed when Air New Zealand Flight TE901 crashed into Mt Erebus, Antarctica. The International Antarctic Centre opens at Christchurch Airport. Discovered Crown Prince Gustaf canals, Scott Bay, Larsen Ice Shelf, fossils on Seymour. Antarctica was found Captain James Cook found Antarctica in January 1773 and he did not see a sight of land. Cool Antarctica. To really explore the continent's history, we have to go back far before Cook first crossed the Antarctic Circle. ... Antarctica Explorers Timeline created by Threeluksana.Verayouttana. Captain Robert Falcon Scott led the British Antarctic Expedition aboard the Terra Nova with the aim of reaching the South Pole as a major and public objective. Home » Antarctica: The Frozen Continent » Timeline . 1928 – Australian Sir George Wilkins and American Carl Benjamin Eielson are the first to fly over Antarctica around the peninsula region. These were a series of British funded, scientific studies taking place around the Antarctic Southern Ocean. Go beyond the normal Antarctica tour areas. Markham and the RGS declared it ‘an opportunity for research and advancement in scientific knowledge concerning magnetism, meteorology, biology and geology’. John Biscoe found islands around Graham Land. Trail in the wake of Ernest Shackleton  and his courageous exploration of Antarctica with Chimu Adventures or go on one of the many other trips the to the world’s most remote wilderness. Although he doesn’t gain a visual on land, he does see deposits of rock in icebergs, which proved … 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010. He also surveyed the coast of Robertson Bay and collected specimens of birds, fish, seals and penguins. There are connections between places in Antarctica and New Zealand, and between places in New Zealand and Antarctica. CCAMLR's objective is to conserve Antarctic marine life.This was in response to increasing commercial interest in Antarctic krill resources, a keystone component of the Antarctic ecosystem and a history of over-exploitation of several other marine resources in the Southern Ocean. Jan 1, 1773. General. Australian Antarctic history Home About Antarctica History. Go further south and cross into the Antarctic Circle. Poor weather had caused the party in one of the weasel tractors to misjudge they position and they plunged over an ice cliff into the sea. Timeline starting with 350 B.C., jumping to 1773 and up to the present. Timeline Antarctica. Douglas Mawson led the Australian Antarctic Expedition. Photo credit: Shutterstock. Antarctica After crossing the Antarctic Circle they continued to 71˚10’S. MAD Project The Royal Navy sends Edward Bransfield with William Smith (who had discovered the South Shetland Islands) as pilot, to search the waters south-east of the South Shetlands. Jan 1, 1899, The First Winter Was Over Jan 1, 1839, First dog to be in Antarctica Jan 9, 1829, First scientist to work in the Antarctic Jan 27, 1820, Antarctica First Spotted Nearly 1000 years later, Europeans reached Antarctic waters. It’s less than 200 years since people first stepped foot onto Antarctica. 1929-1931 – Mawson leads the British, Australian and New Zealand expedition that explores and maps the coastline of what was in 1936 to become the Australian Antarctic Territory, covering 42% of the continent. In Uncategorized. The voyage … I hope you enjoy! Antarctic Population Dynamics Since the IGY, scientific research in the Antarctic has continued at a steady pace. Their ship is crushed in the sea ice. The Treaty preserves Antarctica for peaceful scientific study, sets aside all territorial claims, bars nuclear materials (weapons, power stations etc. The aim of the expedition was to cross Antarctica from sea to sea via the South Pole. The investigations were taken up again in the Offshore Biological Programme in 1978. About 99% of Antarctica is covered by ice. Gentoo Pengiuns in Antarctica. 1772 - 1775. It is claimed that they are the first to see the Antarctic Peninsula. Ten million years later, Gondwana began the enormously slow process of breaking into the pieces we recognize today, and the continents, subcontinent and islands began moving into their present positions. Antarctica Timeline: Early 1900s. The Halley Research Station was established in 1956 and the first permanent base at the Scott Amundson Base South Pole in 1957, using air transport as part of the programme. Antarctica Timeline Antartica's History is very interesting. The men used green-tinted goggles to combat snow-blindness, skis and a mixture of ponies, dogs, motor sledges and man-hauling to reach the Pole. Aristotle names the southern end of the earth “Antarktikos” (or opposite of end of “Arktos”, or bear). The Northern Base was set up on the Argentine Islands off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula which were of exceptional biological interest. Although they got further than Scott's team, illness and hunger forced them to give up just 180km from their destination where they planted a Union Jack and a canister to mark the point. The purpose of the investigations was to develop a better understanding of conservation of stocks and the ocean food chain. Antarctica Timeline: 2007-2008. The expedition was not without difficulties. Antarctica is the Earth's southernmost continent.It is on the South Pole.It is almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle.Around Antarctica is the Southern Ocean.It is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. At present, the history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet is unknown: it has been inferred from low-latitude proxy data-principally from oxygen isotopic measurements on deep-ocean benthic foraminifers-and from the record of eustatic sea-level change adduced from sediments on low-latitude margins (e.g., Miller et al., 1987; Haq et al., 1987). The Ross Sea Party had the task of setting supply depots from McMurdo Sound to the Beardmore Glacier to provide supplies for the Trans-Continental party led by Shackleton. The history of Antarctic exploration includes national and international politics, social change, scientific and technological advances, economics and even the exploration of the Arctic. Australia’s proximity to the icy continent made it ideally placed for Antarctic exploration. They covered 5,000km until illness and snow blindness forced them back. This was the basis for the modern era of research. Read all about Antarctica's history in this Antarctic Timeline. Timeline Research Station Global Warming In Antarctica Click Here to view a Timeline Of Significant Events In The History Of Antartica. This is especially important for the management of the Southern Oceans where a few species, notably krill, dominate the biological process. By the time Tasman sails away from New Zealand in early January 1643, he has mapped only a 'ragged line' and is unable to confirm whether this was the coast of the 'great southern continent'. Home » Antarctica: The Frozen Continent » Timeline . They covered 1356 miles in 6 1/2 weeks, carrying some 4500lb of supplies, making it one of the longest land journeys undertaken to date. Antarctica's Exploration Timeline . In January 1913 Mawson begins his solo trek back to his base after his two companions die. Despite this, atrocious weather and illness caused by poor diet, they continued with the task of depot setting. 1830s-40s – Individual British, French and American expeditions confirm the status of Antarctica as a continent after sailing around the continuous coastline. Order Brochure It shows measurements of mean annual air temperature compared with the present from the Vostok ice core in East Antarctica. 1911-1914 – Mawson returns to Antarctica to lead the Australasian Scientific Antarctic Expedition, the first to be organised and led by an Australian, pioneering use of aircraft and radio in Antarctic exploration. A Brief Biography of Robert Falcon Scott. Researchers describe some of the transport and surveying journeys made at this time. 1769-70 James Cook voyages to New Zealandto determine the eastern tip of the land Tasman had sighted. The first ever sighting of Antarctica, by Fabian Bellinghausen (Russian). 1998 – Madrid Protocol enters into force, designating Antarctica’s ‘natural reserve devoted to peace and science’ and prohibiting mining in Antarctica. Learn about the Australian scientists who sought answers from the unknown wilderness of Antarctica. Despite being stuck in the ice for long periods the expedition discovered Coats Land and the first permanent meteorological station was set up on Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands. With its extraordinary wildlife and icy wilderness, voyages to Antarctica stir a sense of adventure deep down inside anyone lucky enough to visit this beautiful continent. : Aristotle theorizes that there must be a landmass in the south similar to that of the northern hemisphere. Read all about Antarctica's history in this Antarctic Timeline. The following summer Fuchs returned and Hillary's team set up Scott Base in McMurdo Sound on the Ross sea. They survived by using supplies left in the hut by the Scott expedition in 1912. Antarctica History - Exploration Time Line. January 1820: Antarctica is first sighted. Eventually two men, Bagshawe and Lester were left in Antarctica over the winter, their shelter being a converted water boat in Paradise Harbour, now renamed Waterboat Point. It was also the first time radio was used in Antarctica. The International Antarctic Glaciological Project saw the first use of radio echo sounding equipment in Antarctica to measure ice thickness. A Brief History of New Zealand. Later, it is renamed “Terra Australis incognita”, or “The Unknown South Land.” Algis Ratnikas. More information can be found at the Scott Polar Research Institute. The expedition was in Antarctica from January 1980 to April 1981. Discovery, first used by Scott at the beginning of the 20th Century. The timeline of discovering Antarctica and the ‘race’ to the South Pole, from first sighting to Scott, Amundsen, Shackleton and more. 1642-43 Abel Tasman sights New Zealandin December 1642 while searching for Terra Australis Incognita. Their research proved that the area was a peninsula and not an archipelago of islands as had previously been thought. The Ross Sea party was a component of Sir Ernest Shackleton's Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1914–17. Orígenes de la psicopedagogía y sus inicios en México y Jalisco. Antarctica's Exploration Timeline . You can clearly see how different parts of the continent reach their maximum ice volume and then deglaciate at different times. James cook passes the Antarctic circle James Cook passes the antarctic circle Feb 7, 1821. Against all odds Mawson survives. Click here fore more information and inspiration. Work on meteorological observations continued as did studies of penguins and seals. Their ship is crushed in the sea ice. The first women to winter on the continent were Americans Edith Ronne and Jennie Darlington, wives of Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition members in 1947. Charles Wyville Thompson studied the ocean depths. Photo credit: Shutterstock. He turns back after supplies are exhausted. The support party waiting on the other side of the continent is eventually The timeline of discovering Antarctica and the ‘race’ to the South Pole, from first sighting to Scott, Amundsen, Shackleton and more. (See ‘Beneath the Waves’). In History. Music: Industrial Revolution by Kevin MacLeod. Jan 27, 1820. South America There is a New Zealand connection to a number of triumphs and tragedies that have occurred in Antarctica. More about the expedition can be found at unlockingthearchives.rgs.org. The main aim was to investigate a stretch of essentially unknown Antarctic coastline and to undertake a scientific programme which included an investigation of the ocean and its floor between Australia and Antarctica. Home About Antarctica History Exploration and expeditions. In 1943 the British Government sent a party to report any enemy naval activities in the Antarctic region. Though the number of Antarctic research stations dropped to 33 by 1960 and reached a low of 30 in 1964, there has been a slow increase ever since. In December 1957 four men from the expedition few one of the planes, making the first non-stop trans-polar flight across the Antarctic continent from Shackleton Base via the Pole to Scott Base, following roughly the same route as Fuchs’ overland party. Find out more about the removal of sledge dogs, www.unlockingthearchives.rgs.org/themes/antarctica. Read all about Antarctica's history in this Antarctic Timeline. Surveyed South Sandwich Islands. Transglobe Expedition led by Randolph Fiennes. Dr William Spears Bruce led the Scottish Antarctic Expedition on board the Scotia under the command of Captain Thomas Robertson. The Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by Sir Vivian Fuchs and supported by Sir Edmund Hillary undertook the first crossing of the Antarctic from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea via the South Pole. 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Other international studies use modern methods to reveal the interactions between organisms the! President Sir Clement Markham he also surveyed the coast of Robertson Bay and collected data for a year! This timeline to see the interesting history of Antartica 1912 1907-1909 Captain Robert Falcon Scott the... Geological studies would take place both on the HERO, claims to the. 1821, for the first ever sighting of Antarctica, Australia, India and New lands surveyed develop...